No DOI
When a scholarly work or digital content does not have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), it can still be cited using alternative methods, depending on the type of source. For example, in academic citations, works without a DOI are usually referenced by providing the complete publication details, such as the author's name, title of the work, publication date, journal name, volume, issue number, and page numbers (if applicable). If the content is online, including the direct URL is essential for accessing the source. While a DOI offers a stable, permanent link to digital content, the absence of one requires alternative citation strategies.
