Roy F. Baumeister
Mercator Fellow
at Constructor University (CU)
📚 Mercator Fellow, Jacobs University Bremen
|
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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👤 About
Roy F. Baumeister is one of the world’s most prolific and influential psychologists. He has published over 700 scientific works, including over 40 books. In 2013, he received the highest award given by the Association for Psychological Science, the William James Fellow award, in recognition of his lifetime achievements. As of 2023, He holds affiliations with Harvard University (USA), Constructor University Bremen (Germany), Florida State University (USA), BetterUp, Inc. (USA), and the University of Bamberg (Germany). Additionally, Baumeister serves as the president-elect of the International Positive Psychology Association.
Although Roy made his name with laboratory research, his recognition extends beyond the narrow confines of academia. His 2011 book Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (with John Tierney) was a New York Times bestseller. He has appeared on television shows such as Dateline NBC and ABC’s 20/20, as well as on PBS, National Public Radio, and countless local news shows. His work has been covered or quoted in the The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, The Economist, Newsweek, TIME, Psychology Today, Self, Men’s Health, Businessweek, and many other outlets.
Dr. Baumeister is president of the International Positive Psychology Association, as well as professor of psychology (emeritus) at the University of Queensland, with ongoing connections to Florida State University and Constructor University Bremen (Germany). He received his PhD in experimental social psychology from Princeton University in 1978 and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in sociology at the University of California at Berkeley.
He has over 700 publications, and his 45 books include Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty, The Cultural Animal, Meanings of Life, and the New York Times bestseller Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. As of February 2024, Google Scholar tallies that his works have been cited over 280,000 times in the scientific literature, with annual tallies routinely approaching 20,000 and an H-index of 206.
His research interests include self and identity, belongingness and interpersonal rejection, finding meaning in life, sexuality, aggression, self-control and self-esteem, uncertainty, addiction, decision-making, and thinking about the future. His expertise and interviews have appeared on NBC Dateline, ABC 20/20, Discover, PBS, National Public Radio, and countless local news shows.
Skills & Expertise
Public Speaking
Experimental design
Self-control research
Interpersonal dynamics
Decision-making analysis
Positive psychology leadership
Research synthesis
Media engagement
Influencing public discourse
Cross-institutional affiliations
Research Interests
Psychology
Social Psychology
Positive Psychology
aggression
Sexuality
Evolutionary Psychology
Self and identity formation
Belongingness
violence
Public outreach
Cross-cultural psychology
Meaning in life
Sexuality research
Interpersonal rejection
Connect With Me
💼 Experience
Mercator Fellow
Constructor University (CU)
·
March 2021 -
Present
Eppes Eminent Professor
Florida State University (FSU)
·
March 2003 -
March 2025
- Eppes Eminent Professor of Psychology, Florida State University; now emeritus
Professor
The University of Queensland (UQ)
·
March 2016 -
March 2021
- Professor of Psychology, University of Queensland; thereafter emeritus
Special Professor
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam)
·
March 2010 -
March 2015
Distinguished Adjunct Professor
KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY
·
March 2014 -
March 2015
Research Fellow
Russell Sage Foundation (RSF), New York
·
March 2013 -
March 2014
Visiting Professor
University of California, Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara)
·
March 2009 -
March 2010
Professor
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)
·
March 1989 -
March 2003
E.B.Smith Professor
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)
·
March 1992 -
March 2003
Visiting Professor
University of Virginia (UVA)
·
March 1993 -
March 1994
Professor
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)
·
March 1979 -
March 1989
Visiting Associate Professor
The University of Texas at Austin (Cockrell)
·
March 1986 -
March 1987
🎓 Education
University of California-Berkeley
Postdoctoral fellow in
Psychology
· 1979
Princeton University
Ph.D. in
Psychology
· 1978
Duke University (DU)
M.A. in
Psychology
· 1976
Princeton University
A.B. in
Psychology
· 1974
🚀 Projects
Moral Virtue and Self-Control,
Agency Name: John Templeton Foundation ||
June 2015 - June 2017
Funded: Yes ||
Amount: $280,000
Self-control and stress: A limited resource model,
Agency Name: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1RL1AA017541 ||
June 2007 - December 2013
Funded: Yes ||
Amount: $1,064,690
🎤 Conferences & Seminars (1)
Whose Norm Is It? The Thin Line Between Harm and Choice
Missouri State University · Springfield,
Missouri, Country ·
September 2024
https://publicaffairs.missouristate.edu/2024/presenter-bio.aspx?PresenterID=2023
🏆 Awards & Achievements (1)
🏆 Distinguished Scientist Award
Awarded by: Society for Experimental Social Psychology || Year:
2023
Description
Add New Journal
📚 Publications (223)
Journal: Possibility Studies & Society
• September 2024
Possibilities are deeply engrained in psychology’s attempts to understand human behavior. This special issue offers diverse and novel insights into the role of possibilities. Two articles on morality...
Possible
Agency
Determinism
Free Will
Morality
Mental Illness
Imitation
Counterfactual Outcomes
Psychological Theory
Human Behavior
+5 more
Journal: The Tribal Mind and the Psychology of Collectivism
• September 2024
Hostile political conflict is one of the paramount stories of modern society, with the left and right coalescing into opposing tribes more concerned with defeating each other than advancing society. A...
Political Conflict
Tribal Hostility
Cultural Animal Theory
Left-Right Divide
Societal Success
Resource Creation
Resource Sharing
Political Ideologies
Redistribution
Growth and Preservation
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Consumer Behaviour
• September 2023
This study uses neuroimaging methods to identify patterns of brain activation among sport fans in reaction to team stimuli. In a whole-brain analysis without selected regions in advance, the purposes...
Sport Fan Reactions
Neuroimaging
Brain Activation
Limbic System
Cingulate Gyrus
Hippocampus
Parahippocampus
Ventral Tegmental Area
Reward System
Emotional Regulation
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
• September 2019
The question of whether digital media enhances or harms psychological well-being has intrigued researchers and the public for decades. Grounded in media richness theory, a study hypothesized that phon...
Digital Communication
Psychological Well-Being
Meta-Analysis
Media Richness Theory
Social Network Sites
Instant Messaging
Online Gaming
Phone Calls
Texting
Social Interaction
+10 more
Journal: Self and Identity
• September 2010
The ability of the self to alter its own responses, including thoughts, emotions, impulsive behaviors, and performances, is powerfully adaptive, and failures of selfcontrol contribute to most personal...
Ego Depletion
Self-Control Failure
Energy Model
Executive Function
Self-Regulation
Limited Resource
Choice
Volition
Conservation of Resources
Rest
+2 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• September 2009
Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause...
Social Rejection
Ostracism
Self-Esteem
Emotional Reactions
Affective Numbing
Social Exclusion
Meta-Analysis
Negative Emotional State
Belongingness Motivation
Sociometer Theory
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• September 2003
The authors hypothesize that socially excluded individuals enter a defensive state of cognitive deconstruction that avoids meaningful thought, emotion, and self-awareness, and is characterized by leth...
Social Exclusion
Cognitive Deconstruction
Time Perception
Meaninglessness
Lethargy
Emotion Suppression
Self-Awareness
Defensive State
Present Focus
Delayed Gratification
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• September 2001
Two studies examined whether ostracizing someone depletes psychological resources in the ostracizer. In Study 1, people who followed instructions to avoid conversation with a confederate for 3 minutes...
Ostracism
Ego Depletion
Psychological Resources
Persistence Decrement
Physical Stamina Impairment
Social Exclusion
Mood Effects
Ostracizer Impact
Handgrip Task
Unsolvable Problems
+5 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• September 1997
Narrative literature reviews serve a vital scientific function, but few resources help people learn to write them. As compared with empirical reports, literature reviews can tackle broader and more ab...
Narrative Literature Reviews
Scientific Writing
Empirical Reports
Post Hoc Theorizing
Null-Hypothesis Conclusion
Methodological Diversity
Hypothesis Evaluation
Evidence Interpretation
Literature Review Mistakes
Scientific Function
+5 more
Journal: Escaping The Self: Alcoholism, Spirituality, Masochism, Other Flights From Burden Of Selfhood BOOk
• September 1991
Overwhelmed by the demands of creating and maintaining a positive self-image in their personal and professional lives, some people are taking to escapist practices - drug and alcohol use is increasing...
Escapist Practices
Alcoholism
Spirituality
Self-Escape
Masochism
Self-Image
Drug Use
Suicide Rates
Religious Ecstasy
Personal Identity
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• September 1989
This article discusses the interpersonal motivations associated with different levels of self-esteem. Although self-esteem literally refers to an intrapsychic attitude, we propose that self-esteem sca...
Self-Presentational Motivations
Personality Differences
Self-Esteem
High Self-Esteem
Low Self-Esteem
Self-Enhancement
Self-Protection
Risk Acceptance
Strategic Ploys
Audience Presence
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• September 1988
A metatrait is the trait of having versus not having a trait It refers to whether a given trait dimension or construct can be used to describe a particular personality Using attitudes as an analog to...
Metatraits
Personality Traits
Trait Formation
Trait Disappearance
Trait Moderation
Personality Measurement
Trait Effects
Interitem Variance
Untraited Individuals
Fluctuating States
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• September 1985
A model is proposed in which the goal of people with high self-esteem is to cultivate personal strengths in order to excel, whereas the goal of people with low self-esteem is to remedy personal defici...
Self-Esteem
Intrinsic Motivation
Success and Failure
Performance
Humiliating Failure
Face-Saving Failure
Internal Attribution
External Attribution
Personal Strengths
Personal Deficiencies
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• September 1985
In order to outline a model of identity crisis, it is necessary to distinguish two types In an identity deficit (“motivation crisis”), the individual experiences a lack of guiding commitments but stru...
Identity Crisis
Identity Deficit
Motivation Crisis
Identity Conflict
Legitimation Crisis
Personal Goals
Behavioral Imperatives
Commitment Struggles
Psychological Conflict
Self-Concept
+6 more
Journal: Current Directions in Psychological Science
• October 2024
Uncertainty has a negative reputation. Not knowing what has happened or is going to happen is typically depicted as undesirable, and people often seek to minimize and avoid it. Research has shown that...
Uncertainty
Intolerance of Uncertainty
Emotion
Well-Being
Mental Health
Certainty Seeking
Positive Effect
Attention Focus
Effort Increase
Attitude Improvement
+6 more
Journal: PNAS Nexus
• October 2024
An important body of literature suggests that exerting intense cognitive effort causes mental fatigue and can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as indulging in high-calorie food and taking drugs. Where...
Self-Control
Cognitive Effort
Drug Addiction
Reward Sensitivity
Mental Fatigue
Hedonic Impact
Emotional Stimuli
Behavioral Choices
Cognitive Control
Decision Making
+6 more
Journal: Addiction Research & Theory
• October 2023
Calls to destigmatize addiction have been widely circulated. Removing or reducing society’s disapproval appeals to addicted people for obvious reasons: It removes one of the penalties for their destru...
Stigmatization
Addiction
Destigmatization
Free Will
Decision Making
Public Health
Responsibility
Society’s Disapproval
Motivation
Substance Use
+4 more
Journal: Possibility Studies & Society
• October 2023
What is possible? Does the future really contain multiple alternative possibilities, or is everything determined in advance and inevitable? Where do possibilities come from? And how is human life shap...
Possibility Studies
Human Experience
Future Thinking
Social Psychology
Agency
Ethics
Cognitive Science
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Trajectories
+7 more
Journal: Psychiatry Research
• October 2020
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can have a profound impact on the mental health of patients who survived the illness. However, little is known about the prevalence rate of mental heal...
COVID-19
Anxiety
Depression
PTSD
Mental Health Disorders
Hospital Discharge
Perceived Discrimination
Social Stigma
Sleep Difficulties
Mental Illness Risk Factors
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Research in Personality
• October 2016
Social networking sites (SNSs) offer new avenues for interpersonal communication and self-presentation. We report a meta-analysis of 80 studies yielding 143 effect sizes on the effect of self-esteem,...
Self-Esteem (SE)
Narcissism (NAR)
Loneliness (LON)
Social Networking Sites (SNSs)
Interpersonal Communication
Self-Presentation
Meta-Analysis
Online Friends
Status Updates
Photograph Posting
+10 more
Journal: Motivation and Emotion
• October 2015
Motivation theories have tended to focus on specific motivations, leaving open the intellectually and scientifically challenging problem of how to construct a general theory of motivation. The require...
Motivation
Wanting
Desire
Addiction
Self-Regulation
Impulse
Drive
Liking
Motivational Plasticity
Motivation Theory
+8 more
Journal: The Journal of Positive Psychology
• October 2010
Five studies demonstrated the role of family relationships as an important source of perceived meaning in life. In Study 1 (n = 50), 68% participants reported that their families were the single most...
Family Meaning
Young Adulthood
Life Purpose
Social Support
Emotional Closeness
Personal Meaning
Well-Being
Family Bonds
Psychological Fulfillment
Interpersonal Relationships
+7 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• October 2008
Often people are faced with conflict between prosocial motivations for helping and selfish impulses that favor not helping. Three studies tested the hypothesis that self-regulation is useful for manag...
Self-Regulation
Self-Control
Glucose
Helping
Prosocial Behavior
Self-Regulatory Energy
Motivational Conflict
Depletion
Helping Behavior
Family Helping
+5 more
Journal: Social and Personality Psychology Compass
• October 2007
The need to belong is a powerful motivational basis for interpersonal behavior, and it is thwarted by social exclusion and rejection. Laboratory work has uncovered a destructive set of consequences of...
Social Exclusion
Need to Belong
Social Rejection
Interpersonal Effects
Aggressiveness
Helpfulness
Emotional Distress
Pain Sensitivity
Empathy
Self-regulation
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• October 2002
Three studies examined the effects of randomly assigned messages of social exclusion. In all 3 studies, significant and large decrements in intelligent thought (including IQ and Graduate Record Examin...
Social Exclusion
Cognitive Processes
Anticipated Aloneness
Intelligent Thought
Cognitive Performance
IQ
GRE
Effortful Logic
Reasoning
Information Processing
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Adolescence
• October 1996
Adaptation may be the best way to conceptualize the complex, multilateral relationship between individual identity and sociocultural context, because it recognizes the causal importance of culture yet...
Identity
Adaptation
Sociocultural Context
Individual Identity
Cultural Influence
Historical Changes
Interpersonal Patterns
Traditional Values
Uniqueness
Selfhood
+5 more
Journal: The Journal of Positive Psychology
• November 2024
This investigation elucidates what makes a good working life. A sample of 678 employees from diverse jobs rated their job satisfaction, work meaningfulness, and work psychological richness, as well as...
Satisfaction
Meaningfulness
Psychological Richness
Work
Employment
Job Satisfaction
Work Meaningfulness
Work Psychological Richness
Stressors
Resources
+7 more
Journal: The Journal of Positive Psychology
• November 2023
There are two ways for a situation to be uncertain. Subjective uncertainty refers to not knowing facts. Objective uncertainty refers to future events that have not been determined yet. A wide ranging...
Uncertainty
Effort
Information-Seeking
Risk
Conservation
Subjective Uncertainty
Objective Uncertainty
Agentic Control
Arousal
Resource Conservation
+8 more
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
• November 2023
Science is among humanity’s greatest achievements, yet scientific censorship is rarely studied empirically. We explore the social, psychological, and institutional causes and consequences of scientifi...
Scientific Censorship
Prosocial Motives
Scientific Institutions
Self-Protection
Benevolence
Peer Scholars
Well-Being
Harm-Based Criteria
Decision-Making
Transparency
+6 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• November 2022
Multisite (multilab/many-lab) replications have emerged as a popular way of verifying prior research findings, but their record in social psychology has prompted distrust of the field and a sense of c...
Multisite Replications
Social Psychology
Replication Crisis
Original Hypotheses
Replication Failures
Operational Failure
Participant Engagement
Bias Toward Failure
Manipulation Checks
Effect Sizes
+5 more
Journal: European Journal of Health Psychology
• November 2022
Many disturbances of physical, social, and mental health have conditions involving lack of energy, difficulty in making decisions, and low interest or motivation. Laboratory studies of willpower deple...
Chronic Lack of Energy
Willpower Depletion
Mental Health
Caregiver Fatigue
Financial Stress
High-Stress Jobs
Inadequate Recovery
Poor Sleep
Nutrition
Vacations
+9 more
Journal: Willpower Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength
• November 2011
When psychologists isolate the personal qualities that predict "positive outcomes" in life, they consistently find two traits: intelligence and self-control. So far researchers still haven't learned h...
Willpower
Self-Control
Intelligence
Personal Qualities
Positive Outcomes
Human Welfare
Psychology
Self-Regulation
Behavioral Change
Motivation
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Inquiry
• November 2009
The major patterns of self-regulatory failure are reviewed. Underregulation occurs because of deficient standards, inadequate monitoring, or inadequate strength. Misregulation occurs because of false...
Self-Regulation Failure
Underregulation
Misregulation
Limited Resource Model
Self-Control
Regulatory Failure
Emotional Regulation
Strength Model
Attention Control
Transcendence Failure
+5 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• November 2007
Past research indicates that self-control relies on some sort of limited energy source. This review suggests that blood glucose is one important part of the energy source of self-control. Acts of self...
Self-Control
Blood Glucose
Willpower
Limited Energy Source
Glucose Depletion
Brain Insulin
Emotional Regulation
Impulse Control
Attention Control
Stress Coping
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• November 2004
A heterosexual community can be analyzed as a marketplace in which men seek to acquire sex from women by offering other resources in exchange. Societies will therefore define gender roles as if women...
Sexual Economics
Social Exchange
Gender Roles
Marketplace
Female Sexuality
Male Sexuality
Virginity
Fidelity
Chastity
Supply and Demand
+8 more
Journal: Psychological Science
• November 1997
Procrastination is variously described as harmful, innocuous, or even beneficial Two longitudinal studies examined procrastination among students Procrastinators reported lower stress and less illness...
Procrastination
Performance
Stress
Health
Longitudinal Study
Students
Self-Defeating Behavior
Short-Term Benefits
Long-Term Costs
Academic Performance
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• November 1995
A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongo...
Need To Belong
Interpersonal Attachments
Human Motivation
Social Attachments
Emotional Patterns
Cognitive Processes
Health Effects
Adjustment
Well-being
Relational Bonds
+6 more
Journal: Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation
• November 1994
Self-regulation refers to the self's ability to control its own thoughts, emotions, and actions. Through self-regulation, we consciously control how much we eat, whether we give in to impulse, task pe...
Self-Regulation
Self-Control
Impulse Control
Self-Regulation Failure
Self-Control Disorders
Addiction
Emotional Control
Cognitive Control
Motivational Factors
Impulsive Behavior
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• November 1990
Ss furnished autobiographical accounts of being angered (victim narratives) and of angering someone else (perpetrator narratives). The provoking behavior was generally portrayed by the perpetrator as...
Interpersonal Conflict
Victim Narratives
Perpetrator Narratives
Anger
Autobiographical Accounts
Conflict Perception
Provoking Behavior
Lasting Implications
Grievance
Overreaction
+6 more
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
• May 2024
We thank Darlow and Gray (henceforth D&G) (1) for raising possible misconceptions regarding our paper on scientific censorship (2). First, D&G conflate explanation with blame; to explain is not to bla...
Scientific Censorship
Harm-Aversion
Diversity
Transparency
Academic Audits
Discrimination
Prosocial Motivation
Community Participation
Editorial Decisions
Minority Perspectives
+4 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• May 2024
We identify points of conflict and consensus regarding (a) controversial empirical claims and (b) normative preferences for how controversial scholarship—and scholars—should be treated. In 2021, we co...
Self-Censorship
Taboos
Academic Freedom
Controversial Scholarship
Social Sanctions
Scientific Consensus
Psychology Professors
Empirical Beliefs
Moral Concerns
Research Retraction
+3 more
Journal: Psychological Inquiry
• May 2023
Seeking to understand and reduce partisan hostility, we propose that humans evolved to benefit from cultural societies. Societies perform two crucial tasks, which have grown apart and are now champion...
Conservative
Liberal
Partisan Conflict
One-Party Rule
Cultural Evolution
Political Hostility
Resource Amassment
Resource Distribution
Moral Emphases
Market Economies
+7 more
Journal: Psychological Inquiry
• May 2023
We thank all the commentators for their diligent and thoughtful efforts on our article. The detailed and scholarly work by several of them went far beyond the call of duty, which was most gratifying....
Partisan Hostility
Social Psychology
Human Interactions
Group Processes
Social Harmony
Conflict Reduction
Commentaries
Political Conflict
Cultural Animal Theory
Partisanship
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• May 2009
The opportunity to profit from dishonesty evokes a motivational conflict between the temptation to cheat for selfish gain and the desire to act in a socially appropriate manner. Honesty may depend on...
Self-Control Depletion
Dishonesty
Self-Control Resources
Motivational Conflict
Cheating Behavior
Socially Desirable Responses
Antisocial Behavior
Resource Depletion
Impaired Self-Control
Temptation Exposure
+5 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• May 2007
Fear causes fleeing and thereby saves lives: this exemplifies a popular and common sense but increasingly untenable view that the direct causation of behavior is the primary function of emotion. Inste...
Emotion
Behavior
Feedback System
Anticipation
Reflection
Direct Causation
Emotional Outcomes
Cognitive Appraisal
Affective Responses
Behavioral Choice
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• May 2007
Previous work has shown that acts of self-regulation appear to deplete a psychological resource, resulting in poorer self-regulation subsequently. Four experiments using assorted manipulations and mea...
Self-control
Positive Affect
Ego Depletion
Self-Regulation
Mood Induction
Comedy Video
Surprise Gift
Psychological Resource
Rest Period
Mood Effects
Journal: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
• May 2006
Effective self-regulation is an important key to successful functioning in many spheres, and failed self-regulation may be centrally conducive to substance abuse and addiction. The program of research...
Ego Depletion
Self-Regulation Failure
Self-Control
Resource Model
Impulse Control
Limited Resources
Decision-Making
Behavioral Regulation
Psychological Resilience
Addiction Vulnerability
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Science in the Public Interest
• May 2003
Self-esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcom...
Self-Esteem
Performance
Interpersonal Success
Happiness
Healthier Lifestyles
Narcissism
Academic Performance
Job Performance
Social Desirability
Persistence
+9 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• May 2003
Laboratory analog studies investigated the theory that narcissism and reactance contribute to causing rape. In Study 1, narcissism correlated positively with rape-supportive beliefs and negatively wit...
Narcissism
Sexual Refusal
Aggression
Narcissistic Reactance
Sexual Coercion
Rape-Supportive Beliefs
Empathy Deficit
Punitive Behavior
Sexual Aggression
Psychological Reactance
+19 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• May 2002
Narcissists consider themselves to be exceptional performers, but past research has found no consistent relationship between narcissism and performance. The present research tested the hypothesis that...
Narcissism
Self-Enhancement
Performance Motivation
Perceived Opportunity
Glory Seeking
Motivational Factors
Exceptional Performance
Self-Evaluation
Admiration Seeking
Subclinical Narcissism
+5 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• May 2000
Responding to controversies about the balance between nature and culture in determining human sexuality, the author proposes that the female sex drive is more malleable than the male in response to so...
Gender Differences
Erotic Plasticity
Female Sexuality
Sociocultural Factors
Sexual Behavior
Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Political Power
Physical Power
Sex Drive
Male vs. Female Sexuality
+10 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• May 1992
To defend against threatening feedback, one may avoid and ignore it, or one may dwell on it and think of refutations. Repressors who received threatening feedback privately spent the least amount ot t...
Repression
Self-Presentation
Self-Deception
Threatening Feedback
Audience Influence
Psychological Defense
Public Evaluation
Private Feedback
Social Perception
Defensive Strategies
+6 more
Journal: Theories of Group Behavior. Springer Series in Social Psychology
• March 2025
Self-presentation is behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself or some image of oneself to other people. It denotes a class of motivations in human behavior. These motivations ar...
Self-Presentation Theory
Self-Construction
Audience Pleasing
Self-Presentation Motivation
Human Behavior
Social Influence
Situational Factors
Evaluative Presence
Audience Perception
Image Management
+6 more
Journal: Advances in Motivation Science
• March 2024
Pragmatic prospection theory holds that people think about the future primarily to prepare for action. Toward that end, it is more important to predict upcoming choice points and performance challenge...
Pragmatic Prospection
Future-Oriented Thinking
Planning
Goal Setting
Anticipated Emotions
Adaptive Behavior
Performance Challenges
Simulated Outcomes
Self-Protection
Self-Enhancement
+5 more
Journal: Social Psychology and Human Nature
• March 2023
Explore how social psychology can help you make sense of your own social world with this engaging and accessible book. Roy F. Baumeister and Brad J. Bushman's SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN NATURE, 5th E...
Social Psychology
Human Nature
Social Behavior
Roy F. Baumeister
Brad J. Bushman
Social World
Human Interaction
Social Media
Loneliness
Mimicry
+6 more
Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• March 2023
A main way by which meaning influences mental health is by the formation of interpersonal schemas that specify what to expect from others and how to treat them. Particularly during preadolescence (a d...
Schema
Meaning
Therapy
Maladaptive Schema
Preadolescence
Mental Illness
Interpersonal Schemas
Mental Health
Dysfunctional Relationships
Coping Mechanisms
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2018
The current research tested the hypothesis that making many choices impairs subsequent self-control. Drawing from a limited-resource model of self-regulation and executive function, the authors hypoth...
Choice
Self-Regulation
Self-Control
Decision Making
Executive Function
Limited-Resource Model
Active Responding
Physical Stamina
Persistence
Procrastination
+7 more
Journal: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
• March 2018
The strength model of self-regulation holds that self-regulation operates by consuming a limited energy resource, thereby producing a state called ego depletion in which volition is curtailed because...
Strength Model
Self-Regulation
Limited Resource
Ego Depletion
Volition
Resource Allocation
Motivation Changes
Attention Shifts
Implicit Theories
Vicarious Depletion
+6 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• March 2018
The strength model of self-regulation uses a muscle analogy to explain patterns of ego depletion, conservation of willpower, and improved performance after frequent exercise. Our 2007 overview of the...
Self-Regulation
Strength Model
Willpower
Ego Depletion
Muscle Analogy
Conservation of Willpower
Self-Control
Psychological Strength
Motivation
Cognitive Resources
+6 more
Journal: Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning 9781315751450
• March 2016
Being happy and finding life meaningful overlap, but there are important differences. A large survey revealed multiple differing predictors of happiness (controlling for meaning) and meaningfulness (c...
Happy Life
Meaningful Life
Happiness
Meaningfulness
Needs and Wants
Present Orientation
Past-Present-Future Integration
Taker vs. Giver
Personal Identity
Self-Expression
+8 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• March 2016
In the present, the past is more knowable than the future—but people think far more about the future than the past. Both facts derive from the principle that the future can be changed whereas the past...
Pragmatic Prospection
Future Thinking
Teleology
Cognitive Anticipation
Planning
Narrative Structure
Emotional Evaluation
Social Learning
Decision Making
Optimism
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2014
Belief in free will is a pervasive phenomenon that has important consequences for prosocial actions and punitive judgments, but little research has investigated why free will beliefs are so widespread...
Free Will
Moral Reasoning
Moral Responsibility
Punishment
Motivated Cognition
Prosocial Behavior
Immoral Actions
Punitive Motivations
Crime Rates
Homicide Rates
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Health Psychology
• March 2011
Surprisingly few studies have explored the intuitive connection between self-control and weight loss. We tracked participants’ diet, exercise and weight loss during a 12-week weight loss program. Part...
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Control
Diet
Eating
Eating Behavior
Exercise
Health Behavior
Health Psychology
Obesity
Overweight
+8 more
Journal: Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications
• March 2011
Self-regulation is a key ingredient that can facilitate individual and cultural success. The capacity for self-regulation is not unlimited. In support of the strength model, self-regulation and other...
Self-Regulation
Self-Regulatory Strength
Executive Functions
Limited Energy Supply
Blood Glucose
Psychological Resource
Self-Control
Depletion
Volitional Acts
Adaptive Behavior
+10 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2011
Unfulfilled goals persist in the mind, as asserted by ample theory and evidence (e.g., the Zeigarnik effect). The standard assumption has been that such cognitive activation persists until the goal is...
Goal Pursuit
Self-Regulation
Plan Making
Motivation
Zeigarnik Effect
Cognitive Activation
Goal Fulfillment
Goal-Related Words
Intrusive Thoughts
Anagram Task
+4 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2011
When leaders perform solitary tasks, do they self-regulate to maximize their effort, or do they reduce effort and conserve their resources? Our model suggests that power motivates self-regulation towa...
Power
Self-Regulation
Ego Depletion
Goal Orientation
Action Orientation
Task Performance
Leadership Performance
Resource Conservation
Task Suitability
Performance Motivation
+9 more
Journal: Advanced social psychology: The state of the science
• March 2010
In the middle 1990s, faced with the task of producing an integrative overview of research on the self, I searched long and hard for a single core phenomenon or basic root of selfhood, one that could s...
Self
Reflexive Consciousness
Selfhood
Interpersonal Relations
Self-Awareness
Self-Knowledge
Self-Control
Self-Concept
Social Psychology
Self-Perception
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Review
• March 2010
[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 117(4) of Psychological Review (see record 2010-22285-009). In the article, there was an error in the quotation on page 950. The sen...
Conscious Thought
Social Interaction
Cultural Environment
Mental Simulation
Social Communication
Internal Processing
Human Consciousness
Sequential Thought
Causal Understanding
Logical Reasoning
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2009
Prior research has confirmed a casual path between social rejection and aggression, but there has been no clear explanation of why social rejection causes aggression. A series of experiments tested th...
Social Exclusion
Aggression
Hostile Cognition
Social Rejection
Cognitive Bias
Ambiguous Words
Hostile Interpretation
Aggressive Behavior
Social Exclusion Effects
Emotional Responses
+4 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2009
Three studies tested the roles of implicit and/or explicit self-esteem in reactions to mortality salience. In Study 1, writing about death versus a control topic increased worldview defense among part...
Terror Management Theory
Self-Esteem
Implicit Self-Esteem
Explicit Self-Esteem
Mortality Salience
Worldview Defense
Psychological Threat
Anxiety Buffering
Personality Descriptions
Death Awareness
+5 more
Journal: Social Psychology and Human Nature
• March 2008
Social psychology is partly about the power of situations; but to us, social psychology is also very much about people. We believe students sign up for the course because they want to learn about peop...
Social Psychology
Human Nature
Social Behavior
Social Interactions
Cultural Influence
Cognitive Processes
Emotion
Self
Social Life
Interpersonal Functions
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Science
• March 2008
This experiment used the attraction effect to test the hypothesis that ingestion of sugar can reduce reliance on intuitive, heuristic-based decision making. In the attraction effect, a difficult choic...
Dual-Process Reasoning
Mental Resources
Self-Control
Heuristic-Based Decision Making
Attraction Effect
Sugar and Glucose
Self-Control Tasks
Expensive Rule-Based Analysis
Decision Making
Glucose and Cognition
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2008
Seven experiments showed that the effects of social acceptance and social exclusion on self-regulatory performance depend on the prospect of future acceptance. Excluded participants showed decrements...
Belongingness
Social Acceptance
Social Exclusion
Self-Regulation
Task Framing
Motivation
Future Acceptance
Interpersonal Attraction
Self-Handicapping
Overconfidence
+8 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2008
People are more forgiving toward transgressors if they see themselves as capable of committing similar offenses, as demonstrated in 7 studies. Methods included hypothetical scenarios, actual recalled...
Forgiveness Prediction
Personal Capability
Wrongdoing Capability
Transgressor Empathy
Offense Severity
Empathic Understanding
Similarity Perception
Forgiveness Determinants
Experimental Designs
Correlational Analysis
+8 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2007
Evidence from 6 experiments supports the social reconnection hypothesis, which posits that the experience of social exclusion increases the motivation to forge social bonds with new sources of potenti...
Exclusion
Rejection
Affiliation
Person Perception
Social Anxiety
Social Reconnection Hypothesis
Interpersonal Relationships
Social Bonds
Motivation to Reconnect
Positive Impressions
+5 more
Journal: Encyclopedia of social psychology Book
• March 2007
Thin slices of behavior is a term coined by Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal in their
study examining the accurate judgments of teacher effectiveness. They discovered that
very brief (10-second an...
Thin Slices
Behavior Judgments
Teacher Effectiveness
Nalini Ambady
Robert Rosenthal
Behavioral Analysis
Dynamic Behavior
Silent Video Clips
Expressive Behavior
Nonverbal Communication
+7 more
Journal: British Journal of Social Psychology
• March 2007
Previous research found that social rejection leads to increased aggression. How can this aggressive behaviour be prevented? Four experiments demonstrate that reminders of social activity reduce aggre...
Social Activity
Aggression Reduction
Social Exclusion
Social Rejection
Friendly Interaction
Social Connection
Trust in People
Aggressive Behavior Prevention
Alternative Social Connection
Rejected Participants
+5 more
Journal: Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications
• March 2004
The regulation of eating is usually achieved by the operation of internal factors (e.g., hunger and satiety) and external factors (e.g., palatability). Self-regulation of eating refers to deliberate a...
Self-Regulation
Eating Behavior
Weight Loss
Diet Strategies
Dietary Restraint
Self-Control
Hunger
Satiety
External Factors
Social Influences
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Consumer Research
• March 2002
Self-control is a promising concept for consumer research, and self-control failure may be an important cause of impulsive purchasing. Three causes of self-control failure are described. First, confli...
Self-Control
Self-Control Failure
Impulsive Purchasing
Consumer Behavior
Conflicting Goals
Monitoring
Resource Depletion
Trait Self-Control
Affect
Emotions
+7 more
Journal: Handbook of positive psychology Book
• March 2002
Human beings begin life as animals and remain tied throughout life to natural cycles of birth and death, eating and sleeping, reproduction, danger and safety, and more. Yet to this natural dimension o...
Meaningfulness
Life Purpose
Positive Psychology
Well-Being
Human Nature
Cultural Dimension
Transcendence
Meaning-Making
Positive Subjective Experience
Life Satisfaction
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2002
Four experiments tested the idea that social exclusion leads to (unintentionally) self-defeating behavior. Exclusion was manipulated by telling some people that they were likely to end up alone later...
Social Exclusion
Self-Defeating Behavior
Social Exclusion Effects
Irrational Risks
Unhealthy Behavior
Procrastination
Emotional Distress
Risk-Taking
Unhealthy Choices
Test Procrastination
+6 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• March 2002
Men's efforts to force women to engage in unwanted sexual activity can be explained by a combination of reactance theory and narcissism. Reactance theory suggests that deprivation of specific sexual o...
Narcissism
Reactance Theory
Sexual Coercion
Rape
Sexual Violence
Male Aggression
Cognitive Distortions
Inflated Entitlement
Low Empathy
Exploitative Behavior
+26 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2001
Social exclusion was manipulated by telling people that they would end up alone later in life or that other participants had rejected them. These manipulations caused participants to behave more aggre...
Social Exclusion
Aggressive Behavior
Social Rejection
Negative Evaluation
Aversive Noise
Emotional Mediation
Experiment Studies
Interpersonal Interaction
Aggression Triggers
Exclusion Effects
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 2001
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-dest...
Emotional Distress
Impulse Control
Self-Regulation
Affect Regulation
Emotional Regulation
Mood Management
Immediate Gratification
Procrastination
Motivation
Self-Destructive Behavior
+5 more
Journal: Psychological Inquiry
• March 2001
Morf and Rhodewalt (this issue) provide a masterful summary of the research literature on narcissism. In
their view, narcissists are highly motivated to gain the
admiration of others, and their atte...
Narcissism
Self-Esteem Addiction
Ego Dependence
Self-Validation
Self-Aggrandizement
Social Approval
Fragile Ego
Self-Destructive Patterns
Psychological Addiction
Relationship Dysfunction
+6 more
Journal: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
• March 2000
This chapter describes self-esteem and provides an overview of existing perspectives on self-esteem. Self-esteem is a sociometer, essentially an internal monitor of the degree to which one is valued o...
Self-Esteem
Sociometer Theory
Self-Value
Relational Value
Self-Evaluation
Global Self-Esteem
Domain-Specific Self-Esteem
Interpersonal Phenomena
Self-Esteem Motive
Affective Self-Evaluation
+5 more
Journal: Forgiveness: Theory, Research and practice
• March 2000
Outlines some of the difficult decisions that people can face when deciding whether to communicate forgiveness or repentance to one another. The article first highlights some major benefits of express...
Forgiveness
Repentance
Psychological Research
Benefits
Barriers
Expressing Forgiveness
Expressing Repentance
Psychological Theory
Risk Factors
Constructive Expression
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
• March 2000
Self-control refers to the self's ability to alter its own states and responses, and hence it is both key to adaptive success and central to virtuous behavior, especially insofar as the latter require...
Self-Control
Morality
Human Strength
Willpower
Self-Regulation
Behavioral Control
Virtuous Behavior
Social Standards
Impulse Control
Psychological Resilience
+6 more
Journal: The self in social psychology
• March 1999
The study of self has been one of the most exciting and important areas of social psychology over the past several decades. This reader presents an elite collection of the most important and influenti...
The Self
Social Psychology
Self-Knowledge
Self-Esteem
Self-Regulation
Self-Presentation
Self and Culture
Theoretical Perspectives
Research Articles
Discussion Questions
+4 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1999
Does media endorsement for catharsis produce a self-fulfilling or a self-defeating prophecy? In Study 1, participants who read a procatharsis message (claiming that aggressive action is a good way to...
Catharsis
Aggression
Persuasive Influence
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Self-defeating Prophecy
Punching Bag
Aggressive Behavior
Media Endorsement
Anger Reduction
Catharsis Hypothesis
+6 more
Journal: Personality: Contemporary theory and research
• March 1999
In this chapter we are concerned with one large region of the self, namely, self-concept, identity, and self-esteem. Self-concept and identity refer to ideas about the self, to definitions placed on t...
Self-Concept
Identity
Self-Esteem
Social Construction
Symbolic Self
Meaning
Linguistic Phenomenon
Self-Perception
Psychological Identity
Personal Meaning
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1998
Choice, active response, self-regulation, and other volition may all draw on a common inner resource. In Experiment 1, people who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates subse...
Ego Depletion
Self-Control
Limited Resource
Self-Regulation
Volition
Decision-Making
Emotional Suppression
Persistence
Cognitive Performance
Resource Depletion
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1998
It has been widely asserted that low self-esteem causes violence, but laboratory evidence is lacking, and some contrary observations have characterized aggressors as having favorable self-opinions. In...
Threatened Egotism
Narcissism
Self-Esteem
Aggression
Displaced Aggression
Self-Love
Self-Hate
Violence Causes
Insult Response
Narcissistic Aggression
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1998
If self-regulation conforms to an energy or strength model, then self-control should be impaired by prior exertion. In Study 1, trying to regulate one's emotional response to an upsetting movie was fo...
Self-Control
Limited Resource
Regulatory Depletion
Strength Model
Emotional Control
Thought Suppression
Self-Regulatory Failure
Physical Stamina
Cognitive Control
Autobiographical Accounts
+5 more
Journal: Human Aggression
• March 1998
This chapter examines two important links between self and aggression. It discusses the link between self-esteem and violence, and explores the role of self-control and self-regulation in aggression....
Aggression
Self-Esteem
Low Self-Control
Ego Threat
Violence
Narcissism
Self-Regulation
Arrogance
Egotism
Conceitedness
+5 more
Journal: Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty
• March 1997
The question of why there is evil resonates beyond academic curiosity, as people grapple with its implications when confronted with violence and cruelty in daily life, challenging their fundamental as...
Evil
Human Violence
Cruelty
Magnitude Gap
Myth of Pure Evil
Perpetrator Perspective
Psychological Factors
Moral Outrage
Victim Perspective
High Self-Esteem
+7 more
Journal: Handbook of Personality Psychology
• March 1997
This chapter focuses on the identity, self-concept, and self-esteem. The self begins with simple and universal psychological experiences, such as having a body and being a distinct member of a social...
Identity
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Self-Knowledge
Self-Definition
Identity Crisis
Identity Deficits
Identity Conflicts
Personal Commitments
Emotional States
+7 more
Journal: Psychological Review
• March 1996
Conventional wisdom has regarded low self-esteem as an important cause of violence, but the opposite view is theoretically viable. An interdisciplinary review of evidence about aggression, crime, and...
Threatened Egotism
High Self-Esteem
Violence
Aggression
Self-Superiority
Unstable Self-Esteem
Crime
Anger
Externalization
Self-Concept
+5 more
Journal: Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty
• March 1996
[This book addresses the questions of] why is there evil, and what can scientific research tell us about the origins and persistence of evil behavior?
Integrating evidence from psychology, criminolog...
Evil
Human Cruelty
Violence
Psychology of Evil
Criminology
Sociological Insights
Origins of Evil
Historical Examples
Psychological Mechanisms
Revenge
+10 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• March 1994
Multiple sets of empirical research findings on guilt are reviewed to evaluate the view that guilt should be understood as an essentially social phenomenon that happens between people as much as it ha...
Guilt
Interpersonal Approach
Social Phenomenon
Interpersonal Transactions
Communal Relationships
Mutual Concern
Relationship-Enhancing Functions
Transgressions
Positive Inequities
Emotional Distress
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1993
The tendency for people with high self-esteem to make inflated assessments and predictions about themselves carries the risk of making commitments that exceed capabilities, thus leading to failure. Ss...
Ego Threat
Self-Regulation Failure
High Self-Esteem
Inflated Assessments
Risky Goals
Performance Capabilities
Egotistical Illusions
Goal Setting
Performance Contingencies
Reward System
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1993
Unreciprocated romantic attraction was explored by comparing narrative accounts. Unrequited love emerged as a bilaterally distressing experience marked by mutual incomprehension and emotional interdep...
Unrequited Love
Heartbreak
Anger
Guilt
Scriptlessness
Humiliation
Emotional Interdependence
Rejection
Self-Esteem
Moral Innocence
+6 more
Journal: Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard 978-1-4684-8956-9
• March 1993
In recent decades, psychologists have offered many speculations and hypotheses about people with low self-esteem. Perhaps they hate themselves. Perhaps they seek to distort things in a negative, pessi...
Low Self-Esteem
Psychological Uncertainty
Fragile Self-Concept
Self-Protection
Internal Conflict
Self-Perception
Self-Worth
Negative Cognition
Self-Doubt
Emotional Vulnerability
+5 more
Journal: Meanings of Life Book
• March 1991
Who among us has not at some point asked, “what is the meaning of life?” In this extraordinary book, an eminent social scientist looks at the big picture and explores what empirical studies from diver...
Meanings of Life
Human Condition
Psychology
Anthropology
Sociology
Empirical Studies
Life Meaning
Human Purpose
Social Science
Meaning-Making
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• March 1991
Proposes that binge eating is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness. Binge eaters suffer from high standards and expectations, especially an acute sensitivity to the difficult (perceived...
Binge Eating
Self-Awareness
Emotional Distress
Anxiety
Depression
Cognitive Response
Narrowing Attention
Irrational Beliefs
Escape Model
Eating Disorders
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Review
• March 1990
Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attri...
Suicide
Escape from Self
Aversive Self-Awareness
Negative Affect
Cognitive Deconstruction
Temporal Focus
Concrete Thinking
Proximal Goals
Cognitive Rigidity
Rejection of Meaning
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1987
Historical evidence pertaining to selfhood is reviewed. A scheme of stages is delineated, according to which the modern self and its uncertainties have evolved. These historical data are then reviewed...
Selfhood
Historical Research
Modern Self
Conceptualizing the Self
Creating the Self
Self-Potential
Fulfilling Potential
Self and Society
Psychological Review
Self-Understanding
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• March 1984
Choking under pressure is defined as performance decrements under circumstances that increase the importance of good or improved performance. The present author proposes a model for choking on coordin...
Choking Under Pressure
Performance Decrements
Conscious Attention
Automatic Execution
Skill Tasks
Pressure
Competition
Incentives
Audience-Induced Pressure
Dispositional Self-Consciousness
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• March 1982
Self-presentation is the use of behavior to communicate some information about oneself to others. The 2 main self-presentational motives are to please the audience and to construct (create, maintain,...
Self-Presentation
Social Behavior
Audience
Public Self
Ideal Self
Conformity
Reactance
Attitude Expression
Attitude Change
Evaluations
+8 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• March 1982
The influence of chronic self-esteem on self-presentation was explored. Male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personali...
Self-Esteem
Self-Presentation
Reputation Management
Future Interaction
Compensatory Self-Enhancement
Public Feedback
Personality Assessment
Social Behavior
Self-Description
Behavioral Conformity
+6 more
Journal: Developmental Review
• June 2024
If children are socialized less by their parents than their peer group, psychology may fruitfully adapt social psychology’s exploration of group processes for understanding how children develop. Conce...
Children's Socialization
Peer Group Influence
Parental Influence
Group Processes
Reputation
Norm Learning
Self-Presentation
Childhood Culture
Age Segregation
Play-Dates
+5 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• June 2023
Humans evolved to be hyper-cooperative, particularly when among people who are well known to them, when relationships involve reciprocal helping opportunities, and when the costs to the helper are sub...
Cooperation
COVID-19
Evolutionary Psychology
Information Sharing
Intragroup Processes
Reciprocity
Reputation
Social Cognition
Pandemic Policies
Free Riding
+5 more
Journal: The Journal of Positive Psychology
• June 2023
Pragmatic prospection is the ability to think deeply about the future in order to identify and to work productively toward goals. It involves imagining desirable future outcomes, setting sensible goal...
Pragmatic Prospection
Goal-Setting
Life Satisfaction
Work Productivity
Adaptive Personality Traits
Achievement
Psychological Adjustment
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Mental Health
+5 more
Journal: Possibility Studies & Society
• June 2023
The human agent exists in a world consisting not only of facts and stimuli but also of possibilities. The multiplicity of possibilities is most readily apparent in the future. Pragmatic prospection th...
Pragmatic Prospection
Matrix Of Maybe
Uncertainty
Human Agency
Future Possibilities
Decision Making
Optimistic Bias
Predictive Thinking
Psychological Processes
Free Will
+10 more
Journal: Internal Medicine Journal
• June 2023
We argue that willpower as well as its depletion may, in some circumstances, adversely impact on clinical decision-making and patient care. This psychological phenomenon has been dubbed ego depletion...
Willpower
Self-Control
Decision Fatigue
Ego Depletion
Clinical Decision-Making
Patient Care
Psychological Phenomenon
Clinical Settings
Interpersonal Interactions
Healthcare Systems
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Science
• June 2014
If free-will beliefs support attributions of moral responsibility, then reducing these beliefs should make people less retributive in their attitudes about punishment. Four studies tested this predict...
Free Will
Punishment
Mechanistic View
Human Nature
Moral Responsibility
Retributive Attitudes
Consequentialist Attitudes
Neuroscience
Neural Basis
Human Behavior
+6 more
Yes, But Are They Happy? Effects of Trait Self-Control on Affective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction
Journal: Journal of Personality
• June 2013
Does trait self-control (TSC) predict affective well-being and life satisfaction—positively, negatively, or not? We conducted three studies (Study 1: N = 414, 64% female, Mage = 35.0 years; Study 2: N...
Trait Self-Control
Affective Well-Being
Life Satisfaction
Goal Conflict
Emotional Distress
Happiness
Self-Control
Motivational Conflict
Goal Balancing
Positive Emotions
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• June 2012
How often and how strongly do people experience desires, to what extent do their desires conflict with other goals, and how often and successfully do people exercise self-control to resist their desir...
Self-Regulation
Desire
Temptation
Goal Conflict
Trait Self-Control
Desire Strength
Resistance
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Personality Variables
+10 more
Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology
• June 2011
Two studies explored interpersonal and action-control aspects of guilt. Both spontaneous and partner-induced guilt were studied using first-person accounts of interpersonal transgressions and guilt ma...
Guilt
Action Control
Interpersonal Relationships
Transgressions
Behavioral Change
Apologizing
Confession
Partner-Induced Guilt
Selfish Actions
Relationship Expectations
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Science
• June 2010
Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain—physical and social—may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms th...
Social Rejection
Social Exclusion
Social Pain
Acetaminophen
Neural Mechanisms
Behavioral Pain
FMRI
Physical Pain
Pain Suppression
Social Distress
+7 more
Journal: Advanced Social Psychology
• June 2010
Social psychology uses clever, even ingenious, research methods to explore the most essential questions of the human psyche: Why do we help some people and harm others? Why do we pay so much more atte...
Advanced Social Psychology
Human Psyche Research
Social Relationships
Moral Licensing
Attachment Theory
Social Influence
Graduate-Level Psychology
Psychological Research Methods
Organizational Behavior
Marketing Psychology
+6 more
Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology
• June 2010
When people are hurt or angered by another person they may try to restore equity to the relationship. Yet each party's perception of what is equitable may vary. Study 1 compared incidents of revenge f...
Psychology of Revenge
Revenge-Seeker Perspective
Revenge Recipients
Interpersonal Transgressions
Equity Restoration
Perceived Fairness
Revenge Dynamics
Victim Perception
Vendetta Cycle
Excessive Revenge
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Science
• June 2009
People often get what they want from the social system, and that process is aided by social popularity or by having money. Money can thus possibly substitute for social acceptance in conferring the ab...
Money
Social Distress
Physical Pain
Social Exclusion
Money Reminders
Interpersonal Rejection
Pain Perception
Social Acceptance
Pain Reduction
Social Popularity
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Marketing Research
• June 2009
Although choices can occur after careful deliberation, many everyday choices are usually effortless and are guided by intuitive thinking. This research examines the implications of the interplay betwe...
Resource Depletion
Executive Resources
Intuitive Decision-Making
Self-Regulation
Deliberate Processing
Context Effects
Reference-Dependent Choices
Compromise Effect
Attraction Effect
Choice in Context
+7 more
Journal: The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life
• June 2005
What makes us human? Why do people think, feel, and act as they do? What is the essence of human nature? What is the basic relationship between the individual and society? These questions have fascina...
Humans
Society
Human Evolution
Culture
Victimization
Genes
Human Nature
Social Life
Psychology Research
Cultural Differences
+19 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• June 2004
To complement views of gossip as essentially a means of gaining information about individuals, cementing social bonds, and engaging in indirect aggression, the authors propose that gossip serves to he...
Gossip
Cultural Learning
Social Norms
Observational Learning
Social Bonds
Indirect Aggression
Narrative Communication
Social Rules
Cultural Society
Social Behavior
+6 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• June 2002
Four theories about cultural suppression of female sexuality are evaluated. Data are reviewed on cross-cultural differences in power and sex ratios, reactions to the sexual revolution, direct restrain...
Cultural Suppression
Female Sexuality
Cross-Cultural Differences
Power and Sex Ratios
Sexual Revolution
Adolescent and Adult Sexuality
Double Standard
Sexual Morality
Female Genital Surgery
Legal Restrictions
+7 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• June 1997
Patterns of human self-defeating or self-destructive behavior are examined in relation to several hypothesized causes. Threatened egotism appears to be a major, pervasive cause: Self-defeating respons...
Self-Defeating Behavior
Esteem Threat
Self-Regulation Failure
Emotional Distress
Threatened Egotism
Self-Destruction
Psychological Risk
Escapist Responses
Social Perception
Self-Control Breakdown
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
• June 1990
This article elaborates a view of anxiety as deriving from a basic human need to belong to social groups. Anxiety is seen as a pervasive and possibly an innately prepared form of distress that arises...
Anxiety
Social Exclusion
Belonging
Social Groups
Exclusion Theory
Incompetence
Deviance
Immorality
Unattractiveness
Separation Anxiety
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• June 1990
ABSTRACT In two experiments we investigated the causes of low preparatory effort (minimal practicing for an upcoming event that is to be evaluated), a possible form of self-handicapping Experiment 1 f...
Self-Esteem
Self-Handicapping
Self-Presentation
Inadequate Practice
Preparatory Effort
Public Perception
Confidence Strategy
High Self-Esteem (HSE)
Low Self-Esteem (LSE)
Strategic Self-Presentation
+7 more
Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
• June 1989
This article proposes that optimal psychological functioning is associated with a slight to moderate degree of distortion in one's perception of self and world. Past evidence suggests that substantial...
Optimal Functioning
Psychological Distortion
Self-Perception
Illusions
Affective Benefits
Maladaptive Patterns
Self-World Perception
Depression
Illusory Perceptions
Power Hierarchies
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• June 1985
In Exp I, private expectancies of success were manipulated by having 38 male and 26 female undergraduates complete a confidential preliminary test that was rigged to cause either success or failure. S...
Public Expectancy
Private Expectancy
Performance Pressure
Confidence Booster
Trait Self-Consciousness
Audience Expectations
Performance Impact
Anagram-Solving Task
Self-Reports
Performance Improvement
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• June 1984
Past research has found the performance of persons with high self-esteem to improve after failure, especially on tasks for which persistence correlates positively with performance. However, persistenc...
Nonproductive Persistence
Task Failure
Self-Esteem
Performance Feedback
Persistence and Performance
Puzzle-Solving Task
Advice Sensitivity
High Self-Esteem
Low Self-Esteem
Unsolvable Puzzles
+6 more
Journal: Possibility Studies & Society
• July 2024
This essay strives to challenge a conceptual foundation of psychology that is questioned all too rarely: causal determinism. Specifically, the issue we have an argument with is the idea that human beh...
Causality
Criticism
Determinism
Inevitability
Multiple Possibilities
Psychologist’s Beliefs
Probabilistic Causation
Human Behavior
Psychological Theories
Alternative Outcomes
+5 more
Journal: Studies in Higher Education
• July 2023
Student sense of belonging is a current challenge to higher education providers, with consistently declining ratings in national surveys. For universities globally, this is a concern linked to student...
Belongingness
Sense Of Belonging
Higher Education
Student Experience
Predictive Modelling
Machine Learning
Educational Experience
Student Satisfaction
Student Success
Non-Traditional Learners
+7 more
Journal: Psychological Medicine
• July 2023
When this article was originally published in Psychological Medicine it omitted an acknowledgment credit. This section has been updated to include the following: ‘The authors also grateful acknowledge...
Selfhood
Depression
Anxiety
Youth
Meta-Analysis
Psychological Medicine
Literature Review
Prospero Registration
Mental Health
Adolescence
+6 more
Journal: Cognition
• July 2023
Many researchers report that people have an optimistic bias when making predictions, but sometimes cautious realism is found. One resolution is that future thinking has two steps: The desired outcome...
Fast Optimism
Slow Realism
Future Thinking
Two-Step Model
Optimistic Bias
Intuitive Predictions
Reflective Predictions
Unrealistic Optimism
Heuristic Problem-Solving
Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)
+6 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• July 2016
In retrospect, the decision to use new, mostly untested
procedures1 for a large replication project was foolish.
When planning the Registered Replication Report (RRR)
on ego depletion (Hagger et al...
Ego Depletion
Replication Project
Psychological Procedures
Self-Control Failure
Reaction Time Variance
Registered Replication Report
Computerized Tasks
Cultural Neutrality
Experimental Methodology
Replication Challenges
+5 more
Journal: Internationales Handbuch der Gewaltforschung
• July 2013
Research on violence in modern Western societies has increased in recent years. There are numerous explanations for this: an actual increase in certain forms of violence, new sensitivities, a return t...
Aggression
Violence
Conflict Research
Social Psychology
Family
Media
Law
Child
School
War
+24 more
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• July 2012
What effects do motivation and beliefs have on self-control? We tested this question using a limited resource paradigm, which generally has found that people show poor self-control after prior exertio...
Self-Control
Motivation
Personal Beliefs
Limited Resources
Ego Depletion
Willpower
Self-Regulation
Psychological Resilience
Cognitive Resources
Task Performance
+6 more
Journal: Basic and Applied Social Psychology
• July 2010
Respondents wrote 2 stories, 1 about a time they were given the silent treatment and 1 about a time they used the silent treatment on another. Content analyses indicated that targets who were unable t...
Social Ostracism
Silent Treatment
Belongingness Threat
Self-Esteem
Interpersonal Consequences
Intrapsychic Effects
Conflict Resolution
Relationship Termination
Rejection Defense
Psychological Withdrawal
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• July 2009
Four studies (N = 643) supported the hypothesis that social exclusion would reduce the global perception of life as meaningful. Social exclusion was manipulated experimentally by having a confederate...
Social Exclusion
Life Meaning
Loneliness
Purpose and Value
Self-Worth
Ostracism
Perception of Life
Meaninglessness
Social Ostracism
Baumeister’s Model
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 2006
Prior findings of emotional numbness (rather than distress) among socially excluded persons led the authors to investigate whether exclusion causes a far-reaching insensitivity to both physical and em...
Social Exclusion
Physical Pain Tolerance
Pain Threshold
Emotional Numbness
Affective Forecasting
Emotional Insensitivity
Pain Sensitivity
Interpersonal Empathy
Emotional Distress
Social Exclusion Effects
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 2006
Nine studies (N = 979) demonstrated that managing the threat of death requires self-regulation. Both trait and state self-control ability moderated the degree to which people experienced death-related...
Self-regulation
Self-control
Death Anxiety
Mortality Salience
Trait Self-control
State Self-control
Death-related Thoughts
Worldview Defense
Self-regulatory Fatigue
Coping Mechanisms
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• July 2002
In three studies, participants were primed with words connoting interpersonal acceptance, interpersonal rejection, or other aversive outcomes. Study 1 revealed that participants low in self-esteem res...
Self-Evaluation
Trait Self-Esteem
Implicit Rejection
Interpersonal Acceptance
Interpersonal Rejection
Aversive Outcomes
Self-Deprecation
Perseverance
Rejection Threat
Cognitive Performance
+11 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 2001
Do people aggress to make themselves feel better? We adapted a procedure used by G. K. Manucia, D. J. Baumann, and R. B. Cialdini (1984), in which some participants are given a bogus mood-freezing pil...
Aggression
Catharsis Beliefs
Affect Regulation
Mood Improvement
Aggressive Responses
Anger Venting
Affect Regulation Opportunity
Mood-Freezing Pill
Anger-Out Tendency
Venting Anger
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• July 1997
In response to S. E. Cross and L. Madson's (see record 84-35311) suggestion that men's behaviors reflect a desire for independence and separateness, the authors propose that those same behaviors are d...
Gender Differences
Belongingness
Independence
Social Sphere
Dyadic Relationships
Aggression
Helping Behavior
Desire for Power
Uniqueness
Self-Representations
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 1997
To avoid exposure to unpleasant or unwanted emotional material, some people may distract themselves by summoning up pleasant thoughts such as happy memories. Manipulation of negative affect might ther...
Repressive Coping
Pleasant Thoughts
Happy Memories
Negative Affect
Cognitive Defenses
Emotional Distress
Mood-Congruent Recall
Associative Structure
Memory Manipulation
Distraction Techniques
+6 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• July 1988
Three conceptual models of self-defeating behavior can be distinguished on the basis of intentionality (desiring and foreseeing harm). In primary self-destruction, the person foresees and desires harm...
Self-Defeating Behavior
Primary Self-Destruction
Tradeoffs
Counterproductive Strategies
Social Psychology
Aversive Emotional States
High Self-Awareness
Poor Judgments
Maladaptive Responses
Immediate Pleasure
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• July 1984
Predicted, on the basis of recent research on self-presentation and self-attention, that the presence of supportive audiences might be detrimental to performance in some circumstances. Specifically, t...
Supportive Audiences
Performance Pressure
Home Field Disadvantage
Sports Championships
Self-Presentation
Self-Attention
Performance Decrements
Championship Series
Home Team Performance
Pressure Effects
+6 more
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
• January 2025
Murayama and Jach offer valuable suggestions for how to integrate computational processes into motivation theory, but these processes cannot do away with motivation altogether. Rewards are only reward...
Motivation
Cognition
Computational Processes
Motivation Theory
Rewards
Sexual Desire
Rewarding Information
Motivation-Cognition Interface
Cognitive Processes
Motivational Processes
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• January 2025
Although many women report being victimized by gossip, fewer report spreading negative gossip. Female gossipers might be unaware they are gossiping if they disclose such statements out of concern for...
Gossip
Intrasexual Competition
Concerned Gossip
Female Friendships
Reputational Harm
Social Competition
Self-Deception
Romantic Prospects
Trustworthiness
Social Desirability
+6 more
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
• January 2024
Glowacki's work meshes well with our view of human nature as having evolved to use culture to improve survival and reproduction. Peace is a cultural achievement, requiring advances in social organizat...
Evolution
Culture
Peace
Human Nature
Social Organization
Cultural Achievement
Reproduction
Survival
Intergroup Cooperation
Third-Party Mediation
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
• January 2023
The innovator's bias is defined as the tendency for innovators to focus mainly on the positive potential impact of their inventions and to neglect, ignore, or downplay any potential negative impact. S...
Innovator's Bias
Future-Mindedness
Pragmatic Thinking
Bias Reduction
Product Ownership
Business Success
Negative Outcomes
Hypothetical Innovations
Enthusiastic Zeal
Bias Interventions
+5 more
Journal: Possibility Studies & Society
• January 2023
Social psychology studies how situations cause behavior. Situations are partly defined by a matrix of possibilities (including probabilities and contingencies), and so human responses are caused not m...
Agency
Causality
Choice
Control
Future
Performance
Time
Possibilities
Indeterminacy
Probability
+9 more
Journal: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible
• January 2023
Prospection, also known as thinking about the future, is present uniquely in humans. Prospection allows us to simulate and predict future events, the emotions borne out of these events, plan for wheth...
Prospection
Future Thinking
Human Cognition
Predictive Simulation
Emotional Prediction
Future Planning
Decision-Making
Human Uniqueness
Anticipatory Emotions
Action Planning
+5 more
Journal: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible
• January 2023
Daydreaming can be defined as the process by which we partly or fully decouple from what seems to be one’s current activity in the world. It usually designates “anything one may be thinking about that...
Determinism
Causality
Universe Events
Prior Events
Inevitability
Philosophical Debate
Human Behavior
Predictability
Randomness
Free Will
+5 more
Journal: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible
• January 2023
The matrix of maybe can be defined as a way of conceptualizing the future, either imminent or distant, as a set of options, only some of which will come true. The “maybe” is meant to invoke not only t...
Matrix Of Maybe
Conceptualizing Future
Future Possibilities
Decision-Making
Uncertain Outcomes
Predictive Thinking
Prospective Thinking
Life Decisions
Potential Scenarios
Alternative Futures
+5 more
Journal: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
• January 2023
In recent years, the attentional research paradigms have been broadened from traditional laboratory studies to include rigorous theoretical explorations of attention and clinical application such as m...
Attention Paradigms
Voluntary Attention
Involuntary Attention
Mindfulness Attention
Fluid Attention
Attention Training
Emotion Regulation
Stress Reduction
Mental States
Effortless Attention
+9 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• January 2018
Some complex thinking requires active guidance by the self, but simpler mental activities do not. Depletion of the self's regulatory resources should therefore impair the former and not the latter. Re...
Intellectual Performance
Ego Depletion
Self-Regulation
Logical Reasoning
Information Processing
Regulatory Resources
Cognitive Extrapolation
Thoughtful Reading
Complex Thinking
Attention Regulation
+15 more
Journal: The Portable Mentor
• January 2012
Literature reviews occupy an important corner of the world of scientific activity, yet most scientists do not receive training in how to write them. In the early days of psychological research, many p...
Literature Review
Scientific Writing
Psychological Research
Research Methodology
Background Reading
Knowledge Base Expansion
Published Works
Writing Techniques
Research Skills
Literature Review Writing
+5 more
Journal: Annual Review of Psychology
• January 2011
Everyday intuitions suggest full conscious control of behavior, but evidence of unconscious causation and automaticity has sustained the contrary view that conscious thought has little or no impact on...
Action
Automaticity
Consciousness
Control
Dual Process
Conscious Thought
Unconscious Processes
Behavioral Causation
Mental Practice
Simulation
+7 more
Journal: The Journal of Sex Research
• January 2010
Recent theoretical advances from social psychology, especially self‐awareness theory and action identification theory, are here applied to masochism. It is possible to consider mashochism as neither a...
Masochism
Self-Awareness
Sadomasochism
Paraphilias
High-Level Awareness
Bodily Sensations
Self-Destruction
Symbolic Identity
Cultural Influence
Individualism
+10 more
Journal: Social Psychological and Personality Science
• January 2010
Do philosophic views affect job performance? The authors found that possessing a belief in free will predicted better career attitudes and actual job performance. The effect of free will beliefs on jo...
Free Will
Philosophy
Job Performance
Locus of Control
Protestant Work Ethic
Motivation
Management Science
Career Attitudes
Employee Performance Evaluation
Work Performance Predictors
+8 more
Journal: Journal of Consumer Psychology
• January 2008
Consumer behavior offers a useful window on human nature, through which many distinctively human patterns of cognition and behavior can be observed. Consumer behavior should therefore be of central in...
Free Will
Consumer Behavior
Self-Control
Ego Depletion
Choice
Action Control
Rational Decision Making
Intelligent Decision Making
Self-Regulation
Belief in Free Will
+6 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• January 2008
Some actions are freer than others, and the difference is palpably important in terms of inner process, subjective perception, and social consequences. Psychology can study the difference between free...
Free Will
Scientific Psychology
Action Control
Self-Control
Rational Choice
Human Evolution
Cultural Functioning
Psychological Processes
Adaptive Behavior
Subjective Perception
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• January 2007
In 7 experiments, the authors manipulated social exclusion by telling people that they would end up alone later in life or that other participants had rejected them. Social exclusion caused a substant...
Helping
Prosocial Behavior
Social Exclusion
Social Rejection
Empathy
Cooperation
Emotional Responses
Psychological Performance
Altruism
Social Interaction
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
• January 2007
Aggressive impulses arise from many factors, but they are usually held in check by social norms for self-control. Thus, the proximal cause of aggression is often failure of self-restraint. In five stu...
Aggression
Violence
Self-Regulation
Self-Control
Ego Depletion
Aggressive Impulses
Social Norms
Self-Restraint
Insult Provocation
Trait Self-Control
+6 more
Journal: European Journal of Social Psychology
• January 2006
If self-regulation is a limited resource, the capacity to inhibit aggressive behavior should be lower among people who have already exercised self-regulation. In Experiment 1, participants who had to...
Ego Depletion
Aggressive Behavior
Self-Regulation
Limited Resource
Inhibition Control
Aggression Trigger
Psychological Restraint
Impulse Control
Provoked Aggression
Experimental Study
+6 more
Journal: Scientific American
• January 2005
People inherently understand the significance of self-esteem to their psychological well-being, and it is no surprise that most of us strive to nurture and bolster it whenever possible. What stands ou...
Self-Esteem Myth
Psychological Health
Self-Worth
Social Agenda
Self-Perception
Positive Outcomes
Self-Esteem Campaigns
Individual Psychology
Societal Impact
Mental Well-Being
+6 more
Journal: Social Cognition
• January 2000
Making choices, responding actively instead of passively, restraining impulses, and other acts of self-control and volition all draw on a common resource that is limited and renewable, akin to strengt...
Ego Depletion
Resource Model
Volition
Self-Regulation
Controlled Processing
Self-Control
Limited Resource
Renewable Energy
Decision-Making
Impulse Restraint
+6 more
Journal: Symbolic Interaction
• January 1988
There are long stories told of a certain animal. Here are some of the tales. In the beginning, "God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them" (...
Identity
Cultural Change
Self-Struggle
Creation Story
Moses
God
Self-Doubt
Divine Mission
Job
Divine Sovereignty
+11 more
Journal: Frontiers in Psychology
• February 2023
How people engage in leisure is an important but frequently underappreciated aspect of meaning in life. Leisure activities range from highly engaging and meaningful to subjectively trivial. Leisure it...
Leisure
Meaning
Well-Being
Health
Activity Involvement
Boredom
Intrinsic Motivation
Serious Leisure
Purpose
Value
+10 more
Journal: Personality and Individual Differences
• February 2015
High trait self-control has been traditionally described as a keen ability to resist temptation. The present research suggests that high trait self-control is linked to avoiding, rather than merely re...
Self-Regulation
Trait Self-Control
Temptation Avoidance
Distraction
Temptation Resistance
Behavior Minimization
Distraction-Free Environment
High Trait Self-Control
Low Trait Self-Control
Temptation Management
+6 more
Journal: MASOCHISM and the SELF
• February 2014
Masochism is one of psychology’s greatest puzzles. Masochistic actions and pleasures fly in the face of common sense. Sexual masochists desire physical pain, bodily restraint, and humiliating or embar...
Masochism
Sexual Masochism
Pain and Pleasure
Mental Illness
Deviant Behavior
Humiliation
Restraint
Desire
Pain Enjoyment
Cognitive Dissonance
+33 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• February 2013
Prospection (Gilbert & Wilson, 2007), the representation of possible futures, is a ubiquitous feature of the human mind. Much psychological theory and practice, in contrast, has understood human actio...
Prospection
Telos
Default Circuit
Free Will
Consciousness
Psychotherapy
Future Navigation
Human Behavior
Psychological Theory
Cognitive Processes
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Consumer Research
• February 2011
When people's deeply ingrained need for social connection is thwarted by social exclusion, profound psychological consequences ensue. Despite the fact that social connections and consumption are centr...
Social Exclusion
Consumer Behavior
Affiliation
Spending Preferences
Group Membership
Social Connection
Belongingness Threats
Strategic Consumption
Social Well-being
Financial Sacrifice
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• February 2009
Laypersons' belief in free will may foster a sense of thoughtful reflection and willingness to exert energy, thereby promoting helpfulness and reducing aggression, and so disbelief in free will may ma...
Disbelief in Free Will
Prosocial Behavior
Aggression
Helping Behavior
Selfish Impulses
Social Behavior
Free Will Beliefs
Aggressive Actions
Prosocial Benefits
Behavior Impulses
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• February 2007
The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention co...
Self-Control
Glucose
Limited Energy Source
Willpower
Self-Regulation
Blood Glucose Levels
Stroop Task
Thought Suppression
Emotion Regulation
Attention Control
+7 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• February 2007
Nonsexual deficiencies in self-control may contribute to inappropriate or objectionable sexual behaviors, as shown by survey questionnaires, autobiographical narratives, and experimental manipulations...
Self-Regulation
Sexual Restraint
Trait Self-Control
Sexual Temptation
BDSM
Gagging
Rejection
Gag
Gagged
Low Self-Control
+11 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• February 2007
Three longitudinal studies and one correlational study tested the hypothesis that increasing self-regulatory strength by regular self-regulatory exercise would reduce the intrapsychic costs of suppres...
Self-Regulatory Strength
Stereotype Suppression
Self-Regulatory Exercise
Intrapsychic Costs
Self-Regulatory Depletion
Stroop Performance
Anagram Performance
Self-Control Training
Non-Dominant Hand Exercise
Cognitive Resilience
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Sports Sciences
• February 2005
This paper highlights the not-so-obvious but compelling reasons why the same supportive audiences that can help performers attain their highest potential also may increase performers' risk of choking...
Audience Support
Choking Under Pressure
Home Disadvantage
Performance Pressure
Social Facilitation
Audience Influence
Maladaptive Self-Monitoring
Performance Anxiety
Motivation
Self-Focus
+5 more
Journal: Psychological Bulletin
• February 2000
Reviews evidence that self-control may consume a limited resource. Exerting self-control may consume self-control strength, reducing the amount of strength available for subsequent self-control effort...
Self-Regulation
Limited Resources
Self-Control
Muscle Model
Self-Control Strength
Negative Affect
Coping with Stress
Resisting Temptations
Vigilance
Executive Function
+6 more
Journal: Current Directions in Psychological Science
• February 2000
A traditional view holds that low self-esteem causes aggression, but recent work has not confirmed this. Although aggressive people typically have high self-esteem, there are also many nonaggressive p...
Aggression
Violence
Self-Esteem
Narcissism
Threatened Egotism
High Self-Esteem
Unstable Self-Esteem
Aggressive Behavior
Self-Regard
Psychological Theory
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• February 1999
To build on existing theories about love, we propose that passion is a function of change in intimacy (i.e., the first derivative of intimacy overtime). Hence, passion will be low when intimacy is sta...
Passion
Intimacy
Passionate Love
Intimacy Change
Romantic Relationships
Sexual Behavior
Long-Term Relationships
Gender Differences
Attraction Effects
Face-to-Face Coitus
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• February 1998
Both guilt and empathic perspective taking have been linked to prosocial, relationship-enhancing effects. Study 1 found that shame was linked to personal distress, whereas guilt was linked to perspect...
Empathy
Shame
Guilt
Perspective Taking
Interpersonal Conflict
Guilt-Proneness
Relationship Outcomes
Prosocial Behavior
Personal Distress
Narrative Analysis
+6 more
A meta-analysis on the relationship between the use of electronic media and psychological well-being
Journal: Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health
• December 2024
The effect of digital media use on psychological well-being has been debated among scholars and the public for a long time. This study investigates the relationship between various types of media use...
Digital Media
Psychological Well-Being
Meta-Analysis
Social Network Sites (SNSs)
Online Gaming
Phone Calls
Texting
Instant Messaging
Digital Media Usage
Mental Health
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
• December 2024
Background and objectives
Sadistic pleasure – gratuitous enjoyment from inflicting pain on others – has devastating interpersonal and societal consequences. The current knowledge on non-sexual, every...
Dark Triad
Psychopathy
Sadism
Sadistic Pleasure
Bug Grinder
Noise Blasting
Coldheartedness
Dark Personality Traits
Dispositional Sadism
Human-Directed Sadism
+20 more
Journal: Current Opinion in Psychology
• December 2024
Ego depletion theory proposes that self-regulation depends on a limited energy resource (willpower). The simple initial theory has been refined to emphasize conservation rather than resource exhaustio...
Self-Control
Self-Regulation
Willpower
Ego Depletion
Decision Making
Mental Fatigue
Cognitive Effort
Energy Conservation
Physical Energy
Workplace Performance
+6 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• December 2016
Social networking sites offer new avenues for interpersonal communication that may enable people to build social capital. The meta-analyses reported in this paper evaluated the relationship between so...
Social Networking Sites (SNS)
Social Media
Bridging Social Capital
Bonding Social Capital
Interpersonal Communication
Social Capital Formation
SNS Use
Online Communication
Relationship Building
Gender Differences
+9 more
Journal: Neuropsychologia
• December 2014
Inhibition is a major form of self-regulation. As such, it depends on self-awareness and comparing oneself to standards and is also susceptible to fluctuations in willpower resources. Ego depletion is...
Self-Regulation
Ego Depletion
Inhibition
Willpower Resources
Self-Control
Conscious Inhibition
Human Nature
Social Behavior
Antisocial Impulses
Optimal Performance
+6 more
Journal: Springer Series in Social Psychology Book
• December 2012
Psychology has worked hard to explore the inner self. Modem psychology was born in Wundt's laboratory and Freud's consulting room, where the inner self was pressed to reveal some of its secrets. Freud...
Public Self
Private Self
Inner Self
Outer Self
Self-Perception
Impression Formation
Impression Management
Self-Schemata
Self-Esteem
Psychological Identity
+6 more
Journal: Current Directions in Psychological Science
• December 2007
Self-control is a central function of the self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion,...
Self-Control
Strength Model
Ego Depletion
Willpower
Impulse Control
Limited Resource
Self-Control Impairments
Motivation
Framing Factors
Blood Glucose
+5 more
Journal: Perspectives on Psychological Science
• December 2007
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association's current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the sci...
Psychology
Behavior Science
Self-Reports
Finger Movements
Direct Observation
Personality Psychology
Social Psychology
Introspective Reports
Hypothetical Scenarios
Questionnaire Ratings
+5 more
Journal: Psychological Inquiry
• December 2007
Brown, Ryan, and Creswell (this issue) summarize the recent surge in mindfulness research and practices, and they propose methods for developing a further understanding of the mindfulness phenomenon....
Mindfulness
Self-Regulation
Self-Control
Mindfulness Interventions
Self-Control Exercise
Mindfulness Measures
Self-Regulatory Processes
Mindfulness Research
Self-Control Capacity
Psychological Benefits
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• December 2006
Self-regulation is a highly adaptive, distinctively human trait that enables people to override and alter their responses, including changing themselves so as to live up to social and other standards....
Self-Regulation
Personality
Interventions
Regulatory Success
Ego Depletion
Behavior
Motivation
Self-Control
Limited Resource
Psychological Strength
+6 more
Journal: Stanford Social Innovation Review
• December 2005
For three decades, I and many other psychologists viewed self-esteem as our profession’s Holy Grail: a psychological trait that would soothe most of individuals’ and society’s woes. We thought that hi...
Self-Esteem
Self-Control
Nonprofits
Psychological Trait
Social Well-being
Individual Success
Health and Happiness
Prosperity
Stronger Marriages
Employment
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• December 2004
Narcissistic entitlement impedes forgiveness in ways not captured by other robust predictors (e.g., offense severity, apology, relationship closeness, religiosity, Big Five personality factors), as de...
Narcissistic Entitlement
Forgiveness
Unforgiveness
Narcissism
Special Treatment
Repayment Expectations
Offense Severity
Relationship Closeness
Big Five Personality
Apology
+6 more
Journal: Review of General Psychology
• December 2001
The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and lear...
Negative Events
Positive Events
Trauma Impact
Relationship Outcomes
Social Network Patterns
Interpersonal Interactions
Negative Emotions
Negative Feedback
Cognitive Processing
Negative Bias
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• December 2001
Morality is a set of rules that enable people to live together in harmony, and virtue involves internalizing those rules. Insofar as virtue depends on overcoming selfish or antisocial impulses for the...
Self-Control
Virtue
Moral Muscle
Personality
Morality
Antisocial Impulses
Self-Control Theory
Vice
Sin
Guilt
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• December 1998
Recent studies in social psychology are reviewed for evidence relevant to seven Freudian defense mechanisms. This work emphasizes normal populations, moderate rather than extreme forms of defense, and...
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
Projection
Displacement
Undoing
Isolation
Sublimation
Denial
Self-Esteem Protection
Defense Functions
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• December 1996
Increased risk taking may explain the link between bad moods and self-defeating behavior. In Study 1, personal recollections of self-defeating actions implicated bad moods and resultant risky decision...
Self-Defeating Behavior
Bad Moods
Risk Taking
Self-Regulation
Emotional Impact
High Arousal
Negative Emotions
Risky Decisions
Decision-Making
Rational Analysis
+6 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• December 1994
People's efforts to understand their experiences often take the form of constructing narratives (stories) out of them, and this article offers framework for the motivations that may guide the construc...
Autobiographical Narratives
Narrative Thinking
Personal Experiences
Meaning-Making
Motivations
Interpersonal Manipulation
Goals
Subjective Fulfillment
Value Justification
Efficacy
+10 more
Journal: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
• December 1991
This exploratory investigation of children's teasing consists of a literature review, theory development, and the report of preliminary data. We propose that teasing consists of a communication, direc...
Children's Teasing
Three-Component Model
Aggression
Humor
Ambiguity
Social Interaction
Teasing Behavior
Communication Patterns
Status Dominance
Power Dynamics
+6 more
Journal: European Journal of Social Psychology
• December 1986
Paradoxical performance effects (‘choking under pressure’) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance. Experimental demonstrations o...
Paradoxical Performance Effects
Choking Under Pressure
Performance Decrements
Attention Theories
Self-Focused Attention
Athletic Performance
Task Complexity
Ego Relevance
Performance-Contingent Rewards
Audience Presence
+6 more
Journal: Educational Psychology Review
• August 2021
The need to belong in human motivation is relevant for all academic disciplines that study human behavior, with immense importance to educational psychology. The presence of belonging, specifically sc...
Need to Belong
Human Motivation
Educational Psychology
School Belonging
Psychological Outcomes
Academic Outcomes
Belonging Research
Interpersonal Attachments
Fundamental Motivation
Well-Being
+7 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
• August 2013
In four methodologically diverse studies (N = 644), we found correlational (Study 1), longitudinal (Study 2), and experimental (Studies 3 and 4) evidence that a sense of belonging predicts how meaning...
Sense of Belonging
Meaning in Life
Social Support
Social Value
Belongingness Priming
Perceived Meaningfulness
Longitudinal Study
Correlational Study
Experimental Study
Social Connections
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
• August 2012
In a series of five studies we examined the relationship between sharing positive experiences and positive affect using a diary method (Study 1) and laboratory manipulations (Studies 2 and 3). All of...
Capitalization
Friendship
Positive Affect
Sharing Experiences
Gratitude Journal
Active-Constructive Response
Happiness
Life Satisfaction
Emotional Well-Being
Diary Method
+5 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• August 2011
Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of self-control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional self-cont...
Self-Control
Trait Self-Control
Self-Control Scale
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale
Low Self-Control Scale
Impulsiveness
Self-Regulation
Adaptive Behavior
Desired Behaviors
Undesired Behaviors
+6 more
Journal: International Journal of Behavioral Development
• August 2010
Cross-sectional data from 1359 boys and girls aged 10-14 years investigated whether parenting behaviours are directly or indirectly (through building self-control) associated with emotional (depressio...
Parenting Behavior
Self-Control
Adolescent Problems
Emotional Problems
Behavioral Problems
Depression
Stress
Low Self-Esteem
Delinquency
Aggression
+6 more
Journal: Social and Personality Psychology Compass
• August 2007
Motivation is underappreciated in self-regulation theories (as is true in social personality psychology at large). This paper reviews the role of motivation in the context of the strength, or limited-...
Self-Regulation
Ego Depletion
Motivation
Self-Control
Strength Model
Limited-Resource Model
Motivation Theory
Regulatory Resources
Physical Energy Stores
Motivational Conflicts
+7 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• August 2001
The sex drive refers to the strength of sexual motivation. Across many different studies and measures, men have been shown to have more frequent and more intense sexual desires than women, as reflecte...
Sex Drive
Sexual Motivation
Gender Differences
Sexual Desires
Sexual Thoughts
Sexual Fantasies
Intercourse Frequency
Partner Preference
Masturbation
Sexual Practices
+4 more
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Review
• August 1999
Three main sources of intrinsic appeal and satisfaction from performing violent acts are described. First, sadism involves deriving pleasure directly from the suffering of the victim. An opponent-proc...
Sadism
Sensation Seeking
Threatened Egotism
Opponent-Process Model
Narcissism
Aggression
Low Guilt
Individual Differences
BDSM
Gagging
+12 more
Journal: The Spanish Journal of Psychology
• April 2023
Social psychology findings have fared poorly in multi-site replication attempts. This article considers and evaluates multiple factors that may contribute to such failures, other than the “crisis” ass...
Multi-Laboratory Replications
Replications
Replication Crisis
Social Interaction
Social Psychology
Participant Engagement
Bias
Theory Building
Original Research
Multi-Site Replications
Journal: Psychological Science
• April 2012
In the present study, we used experience sampling to measure desires and desire regulation in everyday life. Our analysis included data from 205 adults, who furnished a total of 7,827 reports of their...
Desire Regulation
Self-Control
Desire Conflict
Self-Control Failure
Self-Control Success
Self-Discipline
Limited-Resource Model
Cumulative Resource Depletion
Everyday Life
Goal Conflict
+8 more
Journal: The Journal of Social Psychology
• April 2010
This study examined the results of repeated exercises of self-control in relation to self-regulatory strength over time. A sample of 69 U.S. college students spent 2 weeks doing 1 of 3 self-control ex...
Self-Regulation
Self-Control Strength
Repeated Exercise
Self-Regulatory Capacity
Thought-Suppression Exercise
Posture Monitoring
Mood Regulation
Eating Monitoring
Longitudinal Improvement
Behavioral Training
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality
• April 2009
Recent field studies have revived the hypothesis that low self-esteem causes aggression. Accordingly, we reanalyzed the data from a previous experiment and conducted a new experiment to study direct p...
Self-Esteem
Aggression
Narcissism
Threatened Egotism
Direct Aggression
Indirect Aggression
Provocation
Insult Response
Humiliation
Experimental Study
+6 more
Journal: Self and Identity
• April 2009
Most discussions of self-control have focused on its benefits rather than its costs. The most important cost appears to be the depletion of limited self-control resources. Acts of self-control both co...
Self-Control
Self-Regulation
Self-Tradeoff
Ego Depletion
Limited Resources
Resource Management
Adaptive Behaviors
Decision Making
Initiative
Trait Self-Control
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• April 2005
Six experiments showed that being excluded or rejected caused decrements in self-regulation. In Experiment 1, participants who were led to anticipate a lonely future life were less able to make themse...
Social Exclusion
Self-Regulation
Rejection
Attention Regulation
Dichotic Listening Task
Healthy Behavior
Emotional Control
Self-Awareness
Incentives
Motivation
+5 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
• April 2005
Self-presentation may require self-regulation, especially when familiar or dispositional tendencies must be overridden in service of the desired impression. Studies 1-4 showed that self-presentation u...
Self-Regulation
Self-Presentation
Impression Management
Regulatory Resource Depletion
Counter-Normative Behavior
Interpersonal Activity
Ego Depletion
Social Norms
Effortful Self-Control
Dispositional Patterns
+5 more
High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success
Journal: Journal of Personality
• April 2004
What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal co...
Self-Control
Good Adjustment
Better Grades
Interpersonal Success
Psychopathology
High Self-Esteem
Binge Eating
Alcohol Abuse
Relationships
Interpersonal Skills
+6 more
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
90 undergraduates described their characteristics to a target person who presumably did or did not have some prior information about their personalities. If the transmitted prior information was unfav...
Self-presentation
Self-description
Consistency
Compensation
Self-enhancement
Personality traits
Public vs. private self-evaluation
Self-perception
Modesty
Self-deception
+6 more
A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception
Journal: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
It has long been assumed that people perceive in others qualities that they wish to deny in themselves, but empirical evidence for defensive projection is limited and controversial. A new model of pro...
Defensive projection
Thought suppression
Biased person perception
Repressors
Undesirable traits
Trait accessibility
Psychological threat
Projection model
Trait concepts
Unconscious bias
+5 more
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