Paper Title

FPGA-POWERED SMART IRRIGATION: REAL-TIME WATER OPTIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Keywords

fpga
smart irrigation
verilog
soil moisture sensor
water level sensor
rain sensor
relay control
precision agriculture
real-time control
low-latency processing
sustainable farming
iot
sensor integration
water efficiency
embedded systems

Article Type

Research Article

Journal

International Journal of VLSI Design

Publication Info

Volume: 2 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 25-39

Published On

June, 2025

Downloads

FULL PDF

CITATION

COPY LINK

Abstract

This paper presents a highly innovative, FPGA-based smart irrigation system designed to op- timize water utilization in agriculture through advanced sensor integration and real-time control. Implemented on an EDGE Artix-7 FPGA board, the system leverages a soil moisture sensor, water level sensor, and rain sensor to dynamically monitor environmental conditions. The control logic, developed in Verilog, employs a synchronous finite state machine to process sensor inputs and actuate a relay-controlled submerged pump, ensuring water delivery only when soil is dry, water is available, and no rainfall is detected. A buzzer alerts users to low water levels, preventing pump damage, while a 3-bit LED array provides real-time status visualization. The system’s parallel processing capabil- ities on the FPGA enable low-latency decision-making, achieving a 50 MHz clock-driven response time. Simulation using Vivado validates the design’s robustness, with the relay activated solely in the 111 state (dry soil, sufficient water, no rain) and the buzzer in the 101 state (dry soil, no water, no rain). Power-efficient LVCMOS33 I/O standards and optimized pin constraints enhance hardware reliability. This solution advances precision agriculture by minimizing water wastage, offering scal- ability for additional sensors, and supporting low-cost deployment for small-scale farmers. Future enhancements include IoT integration for remote monitoring and machine learning for predictive irrigation, positioning this system as a cornerstone for sustainable, technology-driven farming.