Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women—2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association

Abstract

Substantial progress has been made in the awareness, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular disease(CVD) in women since the first women-specific clinical recommendations for the prevention of CVD were published by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 1999(1). The myth that heart disease is a “man’s disease” has been debunked; the rate of public awareness of CVD as the leading cause of death among U.S. women has increased from 30% in1997 to 54% in 2009 (2). The age-adjusted death rate resulting from coronary heart disease (CHD) in females, which accounts for about half of all CVD deaths in women, was 95.7 per 100,000 females in 2007, a third of what it was in 1980 (3,4). Approximately 50% of this decline in CHD deaths has been attributed to reducing major risk factors and the other half to treatment of CHD including secondary preventive therapies (4). Major randomized controlled clinical trials such as the Women’s Health Initiative have changed the practice of CVD prevention in women over the past decade (5). The investment in combating this major public health issue for women has been significant, as have the scientific and medical achievements