A Review: Technological evolution and pharmacological breakthroughs in breast cancer detection and diagnosis

Abstract

Breast cancer is a malignant disease. This means that the cancer cells in the breast grow out of control. Breast cancer tumor A neoplasm arising in the breast. If not treated, cancer can metastasize (spread) to nearby tissue or to distant organs. Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, with more than 2 million new cases reported in 2020, one of the main causes of cancer death, though survival has improved considerably due to early detection and modern treatments. It is still the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. It results from the malignant transformation of epithelial cells in the breast. This arises most commonly in the milk-carrying ducts (ductal carcinoma) but can also arise in the milk-producing lobules (lobular carcinoma). Breast cancer develops through a complex, multistep process involving genetic mutations, hormonal influences and environmental factors, evolving from normal epithelium to hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ and finally to invasive carcinoma with metastatic potential.