Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Monitoring Systems

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the way data is collected, monitored, and utilized across numerous sectors. IoT-based monitoring systems allow continuous tracking of physical environments, industrial machinery, human activities, and operational processes through interconnected sensor networks, wireless communication technologies, and cloud-based analytics. This paper presents a comprehensive review of IoT-enabled monitoring systems, highlighting their applications in industry, healthcare, agriculture, environmental management, and smart cities. It further explores essential hardware components, communication protocols, system architecture, advantages, limitations, and potential research directions. Findings indicate that IoT-enabled monitoring significantly enhances real-time decision-making, operational efficiency, and resource optimization. As digitalization accelerates globally, IoT-based monitoring systems will remain central to the development of smarter, safer, and more sustainable technological ecosystems.