Female Workforce Participation in Bihar: Looking at Recent Data

Abstract

This research looks into the trends and determinants of female labour force participation (FLFP) in Bihar using the data from National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). Looking at the trends historically, FLFP in Bihar which has traditionally been very low is seems to experience rise and fall at different times. Analysis of the 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) rounds of NSSO's FLFP studies shows a decline owing to increasing household incomes, greater female enrolment in education due to the mid-day meal and Kanya Utthan Yojna, and deteriorating quality of available jobs. However, PLFS data for 2017 18 to 2022-23 shows a steady increase in participation, especially in rural areas, due to better educational infrastructure and state-sponsored initiatives such as Jeevika, self-help groups, and the increased recognition of the previously unpaid workforce as formally counted labour. However, these increases have not been sufficient to bridge the gap with the national averages of FLFP. The state continues to grapple with the gender pay gap, inadequate formal employment opportunities, and entrenched socio-cultural norms. The paper suggests that greater progress can be made through more comprehensive policies for skill training and other governance changes aimed at women’s employment. Examining these trends in the context of national patterns allow us to understand what more can be done in the policy frameworks to empower women in the agrarian society.