Emerging Frontier of Medical Biotechnology: A Comparative Study of India and South Korea

Abstract

A phenomenon such as a pandemic does not emerge with prior notice, meaning biotechnology requires more than studying a disease, or depending on complementary disciplines. Despite the accessibility of conventional methods, modern healthcare requires precision, scalability, safety, and molecular control capabilities as the most reliable and effective solutions. Existing research studies have already emphasized the necessity of medical biotechnology for engineering biological systems to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases at the molecular level. Medical biotechnology is the applied branch of modern biology dedicated to healthcare, to develop products, tools, and therapies to address medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges arising from complex health problems. Modern healthcare has been receiving the most transformative advancements in medicine for decades, including therapeutic biologics, advanced biopharmaceuticals, molecular and cellular technologies, and an improved regulatory framework for biologics. Recent advances, such as CRISPR, Biochips, and AI in medical biotechnology, are simpler, more efficient, and with improved predictability of the outcomes. This review highlights the key applications of medical biotechnology, including recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies (Hybridoma technology), vaccines, gene and stem cell therapies. It also discusses the leading biopharma and biotech companies and the regulatory frameworks for biologics in India and South Korea.