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Abstract
As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand, ensuring the scalability and integrity of data generated across heterogeneous devices becomes critical. Traditional centralized architectures face growing limitations in addressing data tampering, privacy, and latency issues at scale. This paper explores a decentralized architecture leveraging blockchain-based consensus protocols to ensure data integrity and scalability in large-scale IoT ecosystems. We propose a layered framework integrating lightweight consensus mechanisms, edge computing, and smart contracts to mitigate trust and performance bottlenecks. A comparative evaluation of existing consensus algorithms is provided, along with architectural modeling and implementation considerations. The study confirms that blockchain-based solutions can enhance security and reliability in IoT without sacrificing performance, particularly when adapted with resource-aware designs.
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