Brain Stimulation is the premier journal for publishing research in the field of neuromodulation. The journal includes: a) original articles; b) invited and original reviews or commentaries; c) technology and methodological perspectives (reviews of new devices, description of new methods, etc.); and d) letters to the Editor. Special issues of the journal will be considered based on scientific merit. Brain Stimulation publishes original work across the entire field of brain stimulation, including noninvasive and invasive techniques and technologies that alter brain function using electrical, magnetic, radiowave, sound, light, focally targeted pharmacologic stimulation, or any other physical method to directly alter neural function. This includes investigations that study the effects of brain stimulation on basic processes, such as gene expression and other aspects of molecular biology, neurochemical regulation, functional brain activity, sensorimotor function, and cognitive and affective processes at the systems level. As an equal partner with this basic emphasis, the journal has strong representation of research on the therapeutic potential and adverse effects of the stimulation technologies. Research in therapeutics includes not only clinical trials, but also conceptual pieces, discussions of ethics as they pertain to this field, services research, and epidemiology.